od Command

d

Offset base is written in decimal.

o

Offset base is written in octal.

x

Offset base is written in hexadecimal.

n

Offset base is not displayed.

Unless -A n is specified, the output line will be preceded by the input offset, cumulative across input files, of the next byte to be written. In addition, the offset of the byte following the last byte written will be displayed after all the input data has been processed. Without the -A address_base option and the [offset_string] operand, the input offset base is displayed in octal.

Jumps over the number of bytes given by the Skip variable before beginning to display output. If more than one file is specified, the od command jumps over the designated number of bytes of the concatenated input files before displaying output. If the combined input is not at least the length of the skip bytes, the od command will write a diagnostic message to standard error and exit non-zero status.

By default, the value of the Skip variable is interpreted as a decimal number. With a leading 0x or 0X, the offset is interpreted as a hexadecimal number; otherwise, with a leading 0, the offset shall be interpreted as an octal number. If the characters b, k, or m are appended to the number contained by the Skip variable, the offset is equal to the value, in bytes, of the Skip variable multiplied by 512, 1024, or 1024*1024, respectively.

a

Displays bytes as named characters. Bytes with the least seven bits in the range of 0 through 01777 are written using the corresponding names for those characters.

c

Displays bytes as characters. The number of bytes transformed by the c type string is determined by the LC_CTYPE local category. Printable multibyte characters are written in the area corresponding to the first byte of the character; the two character sequence ** is written in the area corresponding to each remaining byte in the character, as an indication that the character is continued. The following nongraphic characters are used as C-language escape sequences:

\    Backslash
\a   Alert
\b   Backspace
\f   Form-feed
\n   New-line character
\0   Null
\r   Carriage return
\t   Tab
\v   Vertical tab

d

Displays bytes as signed decimals. By default, the od command transforms the corresponding number of bytes in the C-language type int. The d type string can be followed by an unsigned decimal integer that specifies the number of bytes to be transformed by each instance of the output type.

An optional C, I, L, or S character can be appended to the d option, indicating that the conversion should be applied to an item of type char, int, long, or short, respectively.

f

Displays bytes as floating points. By default, the od command transforms the corresponding number of bytes in the C-language type double. The f type string can be followed by an unsigned decimal integer that specifies the number of bytes to be transformed by each instance of the output type.

An optional F, D, or L character can be appended to the f option, indicating that the conversion should be applied to an item of type float, double, or long double, respectively.

o

Displays bytes as octals. By default, the od command transforms the corresponding number of bytes in the C-language type int. The o type string can be followed by an unsigned decimal integer that specifies the number of bytes to be transformed by each instance of the output type.

An optional C, I, L, or S character can be appended to the o option, indicating that the conversion should be applied to an item of type char, int, long, or short, respectively.

u

Display bytes as unsigned decimal. By default, the od command transforms the corresponding number of bytes in the C-language type int. The u type string can be followed by an unsigned decimal integer that specifies the number of bytes to be transformed by each instance of the output type.

An optional C, I, L, or S character can be appended to the u option, indicating that the conversion should be applied to an item of type char, int, long, or short, respectively.

x

Display bytes as hexadecimal. By default, the od command transforms the corresponding number of bytes in the C-language type int. The x type string can be followed by an unsigned decimal integer that specifies the number of bytes to be transformed by each instance of the output type.

An optional C, I, L, or S character can be appended to the x option, indicating that the conversion should be applied to an item of type char, int, long, or short, respectively.

\    Backslash
\a   Alert
\b   Backspace
\f   Form-feed
\n   New-line character
\0   Null
\r   Carriage return
\t   Tab
\v   Vertical tab

Others appear as three-digit octal numbers.